Investigation
Criminal litigation begins with the investigation phase. When a cognizable offense (one where police can arrest without a warrant) is reported, the police lodge a First Information Report (FIR). This is a formal complaint that triggers the investigation process. The police then gather evidence, interview witnesses, and may detain suspects. The investigation concludes with the submission of a challan (charge sheet) to the relevant court.

Arrest and Bail
During the investigation, suspects may be arrested if there is sufficient evidence linking them to the crime. After arrest, the accused is presented before a magistrate within 24 hours. The magistrate may grant remand (custody for further investigation) or judicial remand (sending the accused to jail). The accused can also apply for bail, which may be granted depending on the nature of the offense and the circumstances of the case. Bail applications are decided by magistrates, sessions courts, or high courts.

Trial Process
Once the challan is submitted, the trial begins. The trial process involves several stages:

Charge Framing: The court formally frames charges against the accused, who is asked to plead guilty or not guilty.
Prosecution's Case: The prosecution presents its case by submitting evidence, examining witnesses, and cross-examining the defense’s witnesses. The prosecution bears the burden of proof, needing to establish the accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Defense's Case: The defense presents its case, challenging the prosecution's evidence, presenting its own evidence, and calling witnesses to testify on behalf of the accused.
Final Arguments: Both the prosecution and defense present their final arguments, summarizing the case and highlighting key points of evidence and law.

Judgment
After hearing the arguments, the court delivers its judgment. If the accused is found not guilty, they are acquitted. If found guilty, the court convicts the accused and proceeds to sentencing.

Sentencing
In cases of conviction, the court imposes a sentence based on the severity of the crime. Sentences may include fines, imprisonment, or, in cases of serious offenses like murder or terrorism, the death penalty.